Upcoming anniversaries computed live from the graph — every dated entity is a recurring civic moment
The timeline 153 dated entities, 1607–2023
👤 John Harvard
Young Puritan minister (1607–1638) whose deathbed gift of his library and half his estate gave the new college his name.
🏙️ Cambridge
City on the north bank of the Charles River, founded as Newtowne in 1630. Home to Harvard and MIT — among the densest concentrations of research institutions on Earth.
🌳 Cambridge Common
Common ground since 1631 and the mustering place of the Continental Army, where by long tradition Washington took command in 1775; now the civic green between Harvard Square and Porter.
🎓 Harvard University
The oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, John Harvard.
📍 Harvard Yard
The oldest part of the oldest American university — 22 acres of elms, freshman dorms, Widener Library and the John Harvard statue.
📜 Founding of Harvard College (1636)
The Great and General Court voted £400 in 1636 to establish a college at Newtowne — the first institution of higher learning in English America.
📜 First Printing Press in British America (1638)
In 1638 Stephen Daye set up the first printing press in England’s American colonies, steps from Harvard Yard. Its Bay Psalm Book (1640) was the first book printed in British America — a copy sold in 2013 for $14.2 million, the most ever paid for a printed book.
📜 The Eliot Indian Bible (1663)
The first Bible printed in British America was printed in Cambridge in 1663 — in Wôpanâak, the Massachusett language, translated with Native collaborators including Job Nesutan and James Printer. Today it anchors the Wampanoag language reclamation movement.
📍 William Brattle House
Georgian house of 1727 built for William Brattle, the Loyalist general who fled Cambridge in 1774; one of the Tory Row estates that gave Brattle Street its name.
📍 Longfellow House–Washington’s Headquarters
The 1759 Brattle Street mansion that served as Washington’s headquarters during the Siege of Boston (1775–76) and later as Longfellow’s home for 45 years.
🏛️ Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
Georgian mansion of 1759 that served as Washington's headquarters during the Siege of Boston and later as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's home for nearly half a century; now kept by the National Park Service.
📍 Christ Church Cambridge
Peter Harrison's 1761 Anglican church — used as Continental Army barracks during the Revolution. Admission: Free.
👤 Washington Allston
Romantic painter and poet called the American Titian for his glowing canvases; Boston's Allston neighborhood, across the river from his Cambridgeport home, bears his name.
📍 Dexter Pratt House
The 1808 Brattle Street home of blacksmith Dexter Pratt, whose smithy under a spreading chestnut tree Longfellow fixed in verse in The Village Blacksmith.
👤 Hermann August Hagen
German entomologist recruited by Louis Agassiz to Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology, where he became one of America's first professors of entomology.
📍 St. Mary Orthodox Church
Orthodox parish just off Central Square, occupying a church building that dates to 1822 — one of the older sanctuaries in this part of Cambridge.
👤 George Phillips Bond
Second director of the Harvard College Observatory and a pioneer of astronomical photography, who with his father shared in the discovery of Saturn's moon Hyperion.
👤 Alvan Graham Clark
Telescope maker of the Cambridgeport firm Alvan Clark & Sons who, while testing a new lens in 1862, made the first sighting of Sirius B, the white-dwarf companion of the sky's brightest star.
📍 The First Parish in Cambridge
Unitarian Universalist congregation with roots reaching to 1636; its wooden Gothic Revival meetinghouse of 1833 anchors the corner of Church Street and Massachusetts Avenue.
📍 Sara Foster Colburn House
House of 1841 in the Harvard Square area, one of the documented early-Victorian residences threaded through the neighborhood.
📍 North Avenue Congregational Church
Congregational church building from 1845 near Porter Square, a survivor from the era when this stretch of Massachusetts Avenue was still North Avenue.
📍 Deane-Williams House
House dating to 1848 near Central Square, part of Cambridge's inventory of documented mid-nineteenth-century homes.
📍 Hiram Sands House
A house standing since 1848 near Harvard Square, part of the district's record of mid-nineteenth-century domestic building.
📍 Christ the King Presbyterian Church
Presbyterian congregation on Prospect Street a block from Central Square, worshipping in a church building that has stood since 1851.
👤 Mary Devens
Cambridge pictorialist photographer of the turn of the century, a member of the Photo-Secession circle gathered around Alfred Stieglitz.
👤 Hugo Münsterberg
German-American psychologist brought to Harvard by William James, a founder of applied psychology and one of the first serious theorists of film.
📍 William R. Jones House
Mid-nineteenth-century house of 1865 in the Harvard Square area, among the district's documented historic residences.
🏛️ Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
Founded in 1866 and among the oldest anthropology museums in the Americas, with vast holdings from the Maya world, Native North America and the Pacific.
📍 St. Peter's Episcopal Church
Episcopal parish serving the Central Square area from a church built in 1867, part of the neighborhood's cluster of nineteenth-century congregations.
📍 First Church in Cambridge
Congregational church whose gathered congregation dates to 1636; its meetinghouse of 1870 stands on Garden Street facing the Common.
👤 Blanche Wheeler Williams
Archaeologist and teacher who took part in the pioneering American excavations at Gournia on Crete, among the first major digs led and staffed by women.
🎓 Harvard Summer School
Harvard's open-enrollment summer session, running since 1871 and generally counted the oldest academic summer program in the United States.
🌳 Arnold Arboretum
North America’s oldest public arboretum (1872) — 281 acres designed with Olmsted, owned by Harvard, free to all, and home to 16,000 catalogued plants including century-old bonsai.
📍 William Cook House
An 1876 house in Huron Village, one of the quiet residential landmarks in the streets west of Harvard Square.
👤 Victor Conrad
Austrian-born seismologist and climatologist for whom the Conrad discontinuity in the Earth's crust is named; he emigrated to the United States and ended his career in Cambridge.
📍 Memorial Hall
Harvard’s polychrome Gothic colossus (1878), built to honor its Civil War dead — Sanders Theatre inside has hosted everyone from Churchill to bell hooks, and freshmen eat beneath its trusses in Annenberg Hall.
📍 Edward Dodge House
House from 1878 in Huron Village, part of the neighborhood's stock of documented nineteenth-century residences west of Harvard Square.
📜 Radcliffe College Founded (1879)
The "Harvard Annex" opened in 1879 to give women Harvard’s instruction without Harvard’s degree — a half-measure that produced Helen Keller, Gertrude Stein and a century of pressure until full merger in 1999.
📍 Radcliffe Yard
The quiet quadrangle of the old women’s college — now the Radcliffe Institute, the contemplative counterweight to Harvard Yard two blocks east.
📍 Sever Hall
H. H. Richardson’s 1880 masterpiece of patterned brick — a National Historic Landmark classroom building with a whispering-gallery front arch students test daily.
📍 Robert Frost House
The 1884 house on Brewster Street where Robert Frost lived in his later years, a modest address for the era's most public American poet.
👤 Helene Deutsch
Psychoanalyst of Freud's Vienna circle and author of the landmark two-volume Psychology of Women; she practiced and taught for decades in Cambridge.
👤 Philipp Frank
Physicist and philosopher of the Vienna Circle who succeeded Einstein in his Prague chair and later wrote a standard Einstein biography while lecturing at Harvard.
👤 Martin Wagner
German architect and Berlin's chief city planner in the Weimar years, a force behind the era's modernist housing estates; he later taught city planning at Harvard.
👤 Werner Jaeger
German-born classicist and author of Paideia, the three-volume study of Greek ideals of culture and education; he finished his career at Harvard.
👤 Edmund Ware Sinnott
American botanist known for his studies of plant form and development and for widely used botany textbooks; he spent much of his career as a professor and dean at Yale.
📍 Johnston Gate
The Yard’s 1889 main gate — by superstition entered once as a freshman and once at Commencement, and otherwise dodged for four years.
📍 Brattle Hall
Built in 1889 by the Cambridge Social Union as a hall for lectures and performance; since 1953 it has housed the Brattle Theatre, the repertory cinema that made Bogart revivals a Harvard Square ritual.
📍 The Jarvis
An 1890 building near Harvard Square, a piece of the neighborhood's late-Victorian fabric that has carried its name for over a century.
🏛️ Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East
Harvard's museum of Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Levantine archaeology on Divinity Avenue, known until its 2020 renaming as the Semitic Museum.
📍 Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church
Stone Methodist church of 1891 on Massachusetts Avenue just north of Harvard Yard, a fixture of the walk between Harvard and Porter squares.
👤 Edward Bernays
Nephew of Freud and self-styled father of public relations, whose campaigns shaped modern persuasion; he spent his long final decades in Cambridge and died at 103.
👤 Henry Murray
Harvard psychologist who directed the Harvard Psychological Clinic and co-created the Thematic Apperception Test, a staple of twentieth-century personality research.
🏛️ Harvard Art Museums
Three museums — Fogg, Busch-Reisinger, Sackler — unified under one Renzo Piano glass roof; about 250,000 objects from antiquity to contemporary.
👤 H. A. Rey
Co-creator, with his wife Margret, of Curious George; the Reys fled Paris by bicycle in 1940 carrying the manuscript and eventually settled in Cambridge.
📍 Harvard Stadium
The world’s first massive reinforced-concrete stadium (1903) — its fixed dimensions are why football legalized the forward pass in 1906: the field couldn’t be widened, so the game went vertical.
🏛️ Busch–Reisinger Museum
The Harvard Art Museums' collection of art from German-speaking Europe, founded in 1903 as the Germanic Museum and notable for its Bauhaus holdings and postwar German work.
📍 Church of the New Jerusalem
Swedenborgian chapel of 1903 at the edge of Harvard Yard, a small Gothic Revival stone church better known locally as the Swedenborg Chapel.
📍 Harvard Lampoon Castle
The 1909 mock-Flemish castle of the world’s longest-running humor magazine — its door is the ibis-topped face that launched a thousand comedy careers, from Updike to Conan.
📍 Conductor's Building
Built in 1912 for Boston railway administration, a holdover from the days when Harvard Square's western edge was given over to car barns and rail yards.
📍 Widener Library
Harvard’s 1915 flagship library, given by Eleanor Widener for her son Harry — book collector, Titanic victim. With 57 miles of shelves, it anchors the largest university library system on Earth.
🏛️ Fogg Museum
The oldest of the Harvard Art Museums, strongest in Western painting and drawing; its 1925 Quincy Street building was rebuilt around a Renzo Piano design that united all three museums in 2014.
📍 Weeks Footbridge
Graceful 1927 pedestrian bridge over the Charles linking Harvard’s Cambridge campus to the Business School — prime Head of the Charles viewing.
📍 Memorial Church of Harvard University
Harvard's memorial to its World War I dead, raised in 1931 opposite Widener Library; the white spire anchors one side of Tercentenary Theatre.
📍 Memorial Church
The 1932 white spire answering Widener across Tercentenary Theatre — Harvard’s war memorial and the stage-right half of every Commencement photograph.
📜 The Mark I Computer (1944)
On August 7, 1944, IBM presented Harvard with the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator — the Mark I, the first large-scale automatic digital computer in America, 51 feet of relays and shafts. Grace Hopper wrote its manual. Part of it still stands in the Science Center lobby.
📍 University Lutheran Church
A 1950 Lutheran church on Winthrop Street whose basement has long hosted the Harvard Square Homeless Shelter, run largely by student volunteers.
🏛️ Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments
Harvard's trove of telescopes, clocks and laboratory apparatus spanning several centuries of science, displayed in the Putnam Gallery of the Science Center.
📍 Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic Church of Greater Boston
Dating to 1959, this Armenian Apostolic church serves the Greater Boston diaspora from a quiet corner of Huron Village.
⭐ Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
A wall-mounted sculptural memorial to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., installed in 1971, three years after his assassination, in the blocks south of Harvard Square.
📍 Harvard Science Center
Sert’s 1973 concrete ziggurat north of the Yard — lecture halls, the historic instruments collection, and a piece of the Mark I computer in the lobby.
⭐ Engine Company No. 5
A painted mural from 1979 bearing the name of Engine Company No. 5, part of Cambridge's public art collection in the blocks northeast of Central Square.
⭐ Stone Work
A 1980 relief in Cambridge's public art collection, worked into the streetscape near Central Square and easy to walk past without noticing.
📍 Academy of Arts and Sciences Headquarters
Kallmann McKinnell & Wood — the firm behind Boston City Hall — designed this 1981 headquarters for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, set into the trees of Norton's Woods.
⭐ Inner City Totem I
Tall painted sculpture from 1981 mounted on a plinth in the Harvard Square area, an early entry in Cambridge's public art collection.
⭐ Room of Maps
A 1983 work in the city's public art collection near Central Square, papering its setting with maps of the world.
⭐ Quiet Cornerstone
An embossed slab with steps and pavers from 1986, folded so quietly into the Harvard Square streetscape that it earns its title.
⭐ The Bluefish is Good Tonight
A wall-mounted mural from 1987 whose title alone — The Bluefish is Good Tonight — earns its place in Cambridge's public art collection.
⭐ Front Desk
A fanciful desk from 1988, one of the older pieces in Cambridge's public art collection, holding its corner of Huron Village with deadpan charm.
⭐ Turtles
Three mosaic-inlaid turtles, in place since 1989, sun themselves north of Harvard Square — patient, low to the ground, and a fixture for passing children.
⭐ One Seasonal Cycle in a Temperate Zone
Wall-mounted mural from 1995 in the city's public art collection, following a year's slow turn through a temperate climate from a Central Square wall.
⭐ Spring
The spring panel in a quartet of seasonal murals from 1995, commissioned for the Central Square area under Cambridge's public art program.
⭐ Summer
Summer's entry in the 1995 set of four seasonal murals around Central Square, part of the city's public art collection.
⭐ Autumn
One of four seasonal murals from 1995 in the municipal collection near Central Square; this panel takes autumn.
⭐ Winter
The winter panel closing out a foursome of 1995 seasonal murals in the Central Square area, held in Cambridge's public art collection.
⭐ They Settled Near a Marsh
A 1995 mural in the city's collection whose title recalls the low, marshy ground on which this corner of Cambridge was first built.
⭐ This is Where We Saw the Eclipse
Wall-mounted mural from 1995, one of a group of narrative panels commissioned for the Central Square area in the city's public art collection.
⭐ Scientific Observations of the Square
Mosaic recessed into an alcove near Central Square, from the same 1995 wave of city-commissioned art; its title treats the square itself as a specimen.
⭐ Spiral
Spiral form embedded in stone, installed in 1997 in the Harvard Square area under the city's public art program.
⭐ Untitled (Ground pavers and columns)
An ensemble of engraved ground pavers and columns from 1999, the anchor of a wildlife-themed streetscape series scattered across this corner of Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Ground paver with turtles)
Turtles engraved on a sidewalk paver, one of the ground-level entries in the 1999 wildlife streetscape series near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with Canada goose)
A Canada goose, engraved on one of the wildlife columns installed around Harvard Square in 1999 as part of Cambridge's public art collection.
⭐ Untitled (Column with kingfisher)
One of Harvard Square's 1999 wildlife bollards, this column carries an engraved kingfisher; its siblings hold herons, gulls, and songbirds nearby.
⭐ Untitled (Column with Baltimore oriole)
A Baltimore oriole engraved on this column adds color, at least notionally, to the 1999 wildlife bollard series near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with cardinal)
A cardinal marks this engraved column, part of the 1999 series of wildlife bollards that turns a Harvard Square streetscape into a field guide.
⭐ Untitled (Column with mallard duck)
This 1999 column wears an engraved mallard duck, one entry in a flock of wildlife bollards spread across the sidewalks near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with great blue heron)
An engraved great blue heron presides over this column, part of the wildlife bollard series installed near Harvard Square in 1999.
⭐ Untitled (Ground paver with carp)
A carp engraved in a ground paver, swimming in place since 1999 as part of the wildlife streetscape series around Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Ground paver with water lilies)
Water lilies engraved into a sidewalk paver, a quieter member of the 1999 wildlife streetscape series near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Ground paver with sturgeon)
A sturgeon engraved in a sidewalk paver, the largest fish in the 1999 wildlife streetscape series near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with red tail hawk)
A red-tailed hawk, rendered in engraving on one of the 1999 wildlife columns that punctuate the sidewalks west of Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with black crown night heron)
The black-crowned night heron gets its due on this engraved column, one of the wildlife bollards installed around Harvard Square in 1999.
⭐ Untitled (Column with cormorant)
An engraved cormorant claims this column in the 1999 wildlife bollard series, part of Cambridge's public art collection near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with herring gull)
This column in the 1999 Harvard Square wildlife series carries an engraved herring gull, holding its own among the herons and hawks.
⭐ Untitled (Column with black capped chickadee)
The state bird makes its appearance here: a black-capped chickadee engraved on one of Harvard Square's 1999 wildlife columns.
⭐ Untitled (Column with blue jay)
A blue jay engraved on a bollard, one of the 1999 wildlife columns that line this stretch of sidewalk near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with starling)
Even the starling, an import with a bad reputation, earns an engraved column in Harvard Square's 1999 wildlife bollard series.
⭐ Untitled (Column with least tern)
A least tern engraved on this column brings a shorebird note to the 1999 wildlife bollard series near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with red-winged blackbird)
This engraved column honors the red-winged blackbird, one of the 1999 wildlife bollards scattered through the streets near Harvard Square.
⭐ Untitled (Column with crow)
A crow takes its place on this engraved column, rounding out the birdlife in Harvard Square's 1999 wildlife bollard series.
📍 Spangler Center
Harvard Business School's campus center, opened in 2001 to a Robert A.M. Stern design — the Georgian-revival living room of the Allston campus.
⭐ Fokin Memorial
The Fokin Memorial, a set of bollards from 2001 on the western edge of Harvard Square, is a low-key example of memorial-as-street-furniture.
⭐ The Late Flower Alphabet
Artist-designed gate from 2003 in the city's public art collection, one of several ornamental gates commissioned around Harvard Square.
⭐ Gate
One of the artist-made gates installed around Harvard Square in 2003 under Cambridge's public art program — this one titled, plainly, Gate.
⭐ Bright Morning
A 2003 ornamental gate in the Harvard Square area, part of the city's series of artist-designed gates in its public art collection.
⭐ Kyrie Gate
Ornamental gate from 2003, one of the artist-designed gates commissioned around Harvard Square for the city's public art collection.
⭐ The Eye of Buddha
Gate from 2003 in Cambridge's public art collection, its title borrowing from Buddhist imagery; one of the Harvard Square group of artist gates.
⭐ Salmones Salari (The Great Leaper)
A 2004 fountain in Huron Village that takes the salmon's airborne habits as its subject — The Great Leaper, caught mid-jump in a working water feature.
⭐ Town Green
Painted mural from 2004 in Cambridge's public art collection, one of a series of panels commissioned for walls in and around Central Square.
⭐ Dutchman’s Pipe (2 panels)
Two painted panels from 2004 in the municipal art collection, companions to a larger set of commissioned murals in the Central Square area.
⭐ Girl Reading in the Grass/Lawnmower(grass)/Longboat
Painted mural from 2004 stitching together everyday vignettes — a reader in the grass, a lawnmower, a longboat — from the city's Central Square series.
⭐ Dog Walker/Coffee Break/Fire Hydrant
A 2004 mural of sidewalk life in miniature — dog walker, coffee break, fire hydrant — one panel in the city's Central Square series.
⭐ Puritan/Lawnmower/Longboat
One panel in the 2004 Central Square mural series, its title splicing colonial and contemporary Cambridge into a single frame.
⭐ Ivy/Sky
Painted mural from 2004 in the city's collection, a pared-back pairing of ivy and open sky among the Central Square panels.
⭐ Congregation/Pedestrians
Part of the 2004 mural series near Central Square, setting a gathered congregation against the everyday flow of passersby.
⭐ Dutchman’s Pipe
A 2004 painted mural named for the climbing vine, part of a suite of city-commissioned panels in the Central Square area.
🌳 Taylor Square
Cambridge's smallest public park, dedicated in 2005 on the Porter Square side of the city, just big enough for its name and a piece of public art.
⭐ The Librarian Speaks
Sculptural wall-mounted letters from 2009 in the Harvard Square area, giving a library's voice literal form in the city's public art collection.
⭐ Anxiety of Beauty: Revisiting the Fountain of Youth
A 2009 piece in the city's public art collection near Central Square, painted on MDO board and taking the fountain-of-youth myth as its point of departure.
⭐ Filament/Firmament
Filament/Firmament, a wall-mounted sculpture from 2010, hangs near the library end of Broadway as part of Cambridge's public art collection.
⭐ A Long Story
Suite of wall-mounted glass panels from 2013 in Cambridge's public art collection, unfolding across several floors of a Central Square building.
⭐ A Long Story (first floor)
The first-floor chapter of A Long Story, a 2013 glass-panel installation in the city's collection that continues up through a Central Square building.
⭐ A Long Story (second floor)
Second-floor section of A Long Story, the 2013 installation of wall-mounted glass panels running floor to floor in a Central Square building.
⭐ A Long Story (third floor)
Where A Long Story ends: the third-floor panels of the 2013 glass installation threaded through a Central Square building, in the city's collection.
⭐ Taking Note
Sculptural sun from 2013 in the Harvard Square area, one of a quartet of related pieces in the city's public art collection.
⭐ Sun-Photic Zone
Sun-Photic Zone, a sculptural sun from 2013, borrows its name from the ocean's light-fed upper layer and holds a spot near Cambridge's main library.
⭐ Path
One of four sculptural suns from 2013 installed in the Harvard Square area under Cambridge's public art program; this one is titled Path.
⭐ Salsa Sidestep
Salsa Sidestep is one of a group of 2013 sculptural works installed together near Harvard Square, its title supplying the dance the streetscape can't.
⭐ Food Cycle
A 2013 sculptural sun in the city's collection near Harvard Square, its title turning the group's solar motif toward what we grow and eat.
⭐ Zooplankton
Sculptural sun of 2013 named for the sea's drifting animals, one of a related set of pieces in the Harvard Square area.
⭐ Movement "10 Seconds"
Movement "10 Seconds" joined Cambridge's public art collection in 2013, one of a cluster of sculptural pieces sharing a site near Harvard Square.
⭐ Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer, a 2013 sculptural sun from Cambridge's public art collection, sits among a cluster of works installed together on the Broadway edge of Harvard Square.
⭐ Circle in Motion
Circle in Motion arrived in 2013 as part of a group of sculptural works from Cambridge's public art program, sited off Broadway near the main library.
📍 Celebrate The Coast
Public artwork from 2015 nodding to Riverside's old nickname, the Coast — the stretch of Cambridge along the Charles where the piece stands.
⭐ Light Shadow: MLK
An installation of more than 200 wall-mounted speakers, Light Shadow: MLK is a 2015 sound work in Cambridge's public art collection honoring Dr. King.
⭐ Link Model A
A 2015 artist-designed bike rack near Porter Square — the city's public art program extended to working street furniture.
📍 Ruth Mulan Chu Chao Center
Opened in 2016 on the Harvard Business School campus, the Chao Center houses executive education and was the first HBS building named for a woman.
⭐ Artesian Well – A Portal to Sacramento Park’s Past
The centerpiece of a 2017 installation at Sacramento Field, framing the park's past around the artesian well that once ran beneath the neighborhood.
⭐ Artesian Well (Bench 1)
One of two benches in the 2017 Artesian Well installation at Sacramento Field, seating built into a public artwork about the park's history.
⭐ Artesian Well (Bench 2)
The second bench of the Artesian Well ensemble at Sacramento Field, a 2017 installation that folds the park's history into usable street furniture.
⭐ Artesian Well (Sculpture)
The sculptural element of the 2017 Artesian Well installation at Sacramento Field, marking where the park's history runs underground.
📍 Smith Campus Center
Harvard’s 2018 living room on the Square — free to enter, full of greenery, and the best public bathroom and meeting point in the neighborhood.
⭐ Edge of the Forest
An oversized deer installed in 2023, one of the newer additions to the public art around Central Square, bringing the forest edge to the sidewalk.